As medical advancements continue to grow each day, medical marijuana is gaining attention from researchers and clinicians. Medical marijuana is federally illegal. However, state laws vary and may allow cannabis use.
In states where medical marijuana is permitted, its use is allowed only after an evaluation by a state-licensed clinician. Cannabis is recommended to help manage symptoms and is not considered a guaranteed treatment or cure.
In states like California, marijuana is legal for both medical and recreational purposes. However, to legally access medical cannabis benefits, patients must apply for a medical marijuana card in California after an evaluation by a licensed physician, following the state application process.
According to research published in PubMed, cannabis may help manage symptoms of certain qualifying medical conditions when recommended by a healthcare provider.
However, along with its health benefits, questions remain about the safety of cannabis, particularly regarding side effects. Being informed about potential side effects helps patients use medical cannabis more responsibly and recognize when medical advice is necessary.
In this article, you will gain a clear understanding of cannabis-related side effects, including common and serious reactions and when to seek medical advice.
What Are Medical Cannabis Side Effects?
Side effects can be defined as the body’s response to cannabis use. This often varies from person to person. They are classified as short-term and long-term side effects.
Short-Term Side Effects
These side effects generally appear at the onset of cannabis use and may lessen over time as the body adjusts. The severity of short-term side effects can vary based on dosage, method of consumption, and individual health factors.
These side effects should be monitored under medical supervision, and patients are advised to consult a doctor if symptoms become uncomfortable or concerning.
While many short-term side effects are mild and temporary, some individuals may experience more intense reactions that require medical attention.
Some short-term side effects are listed below:
Dry Mouth
Also known as cottonmouth, a common side effect when CBD binds to the salivary gland receptors, reducing saliva flow.
Altered Senses
A sensation of heightened perception of colors, scents, time, and space.
Euphoria and Sudden Mood Shifts
From intense joy to deep sadness, characterized by extreme energy highs and lows. These effects may be more pronounced with higher THC concentrations.
Impaired Memory
A temporary reduced ability to recall recent events or information. This results in forgetting things more often.
Dizziness
A common feeling of being unsteady is often described as lightheadedness or vertigo.
Drowsiness
An unusually strong feeling of sleepiness or tiredness, making it hard to stay awake or focused.
Slowed Reaction Time
A delay in responding to a stimulus, impacting perception and information processing. This may affect activities that require alertness, such as driving or operating machinery.
Panic Attack
A sudden surge of intense fear, causing overwhelming symptoms like sweating, trembling, and shortness of breath. Individuals experiencing severe anxiety or panic symptoms should seek medical advice promptly.
Cannabis-Induced Psychotic Disorder (CIPD)
Some of the CIPD mentioned below:
Hallucinations
Seeing or hearing things that are not actually present.
Delusions
A fixed false belief with strong conviction despite clear evidence to the contrary.
Cannabis-induced psychotic symptoms are considered serious adverse effects and require immediate medical evaluation, particularly in individuals with a personal or family history of mental health disorders.
Long-Term Side Effects
Long-term side effects are more commonly associated with frequent or heavy cannabis use, particularly when used without appropriate medical oversight. Some of the long-term side effects are listed here:
Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD)
Continuous or heavy use of cannabis may increase the risk of CUD, which can involve cravings, difficulty controlling use, or continued use despite negative effects, particularly when taken without medical guidance.
Cardiovascular Issues
In some individuals, cannabis use has been associated with cardiovascular effects, particularly in those with pre-existing heart conditions. A meta-analysis reported by the American College of Cardiology observed an association with increased cardiovascular risk, though more research is needed to establish causation.
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (Severe Vomiting)
Long-term heavy cannabis use may result in severe nausea. It is characterized by intense debilitating episodes that often happen due to the gut-brain axis getting overwhelmed by chronic cannabinoid exposure.
Additionally, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance can worsen this condition. Individuals experiencing recurrent or severe vomiting should seek medical evaluation, as continued cannabis use may worsen symptoms.
Some studies also report long-term side effects such as:
Gum Disease
Long-term cannabis use may result in periodontal disease, although factors such as oral hygiene, smoking methods, and frequency of use may also contribute.
Frequent Pain Crises in Sickle Cell Anemia Patients
In one study involving patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), cannabis use was observed alongside acute vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs).
Impaired Sperm Development
One study suggests that in some male users it may impact male fertility. Current findings are limited, and results may vary based on dosage, duration of use, and individual health factors.
Because potential long-term effects vary between individuals, ongoing medical monitoring is essential when medical cannabis is recommended.
Importance of Medical Supervision for Medical Marijuana Use
Side effects can occur during medical cannabis use, particularly when dosage or frequency is not properly monitored. This is why medical supervision is important before starting cannabis use. In California, licensed physicians advise patients to seek medical evaluation before starting medical cannabis to determine whether it is appropriate for their condition.
Additionally, if medical cannabis is recommended by a licensed physician, you should remain under regular medical supervision and report any unusual or worsening symptoms promptly.
Therefore, before starting medical cannabis use, you should complete a medical evaluation with a licensed physician and the required state registration process to ensure safe and legal access.
To Summarize
As awareness of cannabis grows, many patients with qualifying medical conditions are exploring medical cannabis as a potential symptom management option. This is why, in California, people must undergo a cannabis evaluation by a licensed doctor, as its use is associated with potential side effects. Some side effects are common and short-term, while others are serious and may have long-term consequences.
You should be evaluated first, and if a healthcare professional determines that medical cannabis is appropriate, they may issue a recommendation in accordance with state law.
Ongoing communication with a clinician is essential to monitor side effects, adjust usage when necessary, and ensure continued compliance with state medical cannabis regulations.
